DIGILENT Anvyl FPGA Akwụkwọ ntuziaka onye ọrụ

ọdịnaya zoo

1 DIGILENT Anvyl FPGA Board

2 Ozi ngwaahịa

3 Ntuziaka ojiji ngwaahịa

4 gafereview

5 Nhazi FPGA

6 Ngwunye ọkụ

7 Ngosipụta akụkụ asaa

8 Akwụkwọ / akụrụngwa

8.1 Ntụaka

9 Ozi ndị metụtara

DIGILENT Anvyl FPGA Board

Ozi ngwaahịa

AnvylTM FPGA Board bụ bọọdụ mgbagha arụ ọrụ dị elu emebere maka iji ya na Spartan-6 LX45 FPGA. Ọ na-enye atụmatụ dị iche iche gụnyere mpekere 6,822, 2.1Mbits nke RAM ngọngọ ngwa ngwa, taịlị elekere nwere DCM na PLLs, mpekere DSP, na ọsọ elekere nke 500MHz +. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-abịa na nchịkọta IP nkwado zuru oke na atụmatụ ntụnye aka, yana nnukwu nchịkọta ihe mgbakwunye dị na Digilent. websaịtị.

Akụkụ nke AnvylTM FPGA Board gụnyere nhọrọ nhazi FPGA, ihe ndị chọrọ ike inye ọkụ, yana ndakọrịta na Sistemụ Adept maka mmemme dị mfe.

Nhazi FPGA:
Bọdụ Anvyl nwere ihe na-awụba n'ụgbọelu (JP2) nke na-enye gị ohere ịhọrọ n'etiti JTAG/ USB na ROM usoro mmemme. Ọ bụrụ na ebughị JP2, FPGA ga-ahazi onwe ya na ROM ozugbo. Ọ bụrụ na ebujuru JP2, FPGA ga-anọ n'enweghị ọrụ ka agbanwuru ya ruo mgbe ahaziri ya na J.TAG ma ọ bụ Serial programming port (USB memory stick).

Ma Digilent na Xilinx na-enye ngwanrọ maka ịhazi FPGA na SPI ROM. Mmemme fileA na-echekwa s n'ime FPGA na sel ebe nchekwa dabere na SRAM. Data a na-akọwapụta ọrụ mgbagha na njikọ sekit nke FPGA ma na-adị irè ruo mgbe ihichapu ya site na iwepu ike, na-ekwupụta ntinye PROG_B, ma ọ bụ degharịa ya site na nhazi ọhụrụ. file.

Enwere ike hazie FPGA site na osisi nchekwa FAT nke etinyere na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri USB-HID HOST (J14) ma ọ bụrụ na osisi ahụ nwere otu nhazi .bit. file n'ime ndekọ mgbọrọgwụ, JP2 na-eju ya, a na-agbakwa ike osisi. FPGA ga-ajụ .bit ọ bụla ozugbo files ndị na-ewubeghị maka FPGA kwesịrị ekwesị.

Ngwa ike:
Bọdụ Anvyl chọrọ mpụga 5V, 4A ma ọ bụ ike ka ukwuu nke nwere ezigbo etiti, 2.1mm n'obosara coax plọg. A na-enye ọkụ eletrik kwesịrị ekwesị dịka akụkụ nke ngwa Anvyl. Voltage regulator circuits si Analog Devices na-emepụta ihe achọrọ 3.3V, 1.8V, na 1.2V sitere na isi 5V ọkọnọ. Igwe ọkụ dị mma (LD19) na-egosi na akụrụngwa niile na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma.

Ụgbọ okporo ígwè dị iche iche dị na osisi ahụ na-enye ike dị iche iche dị ka njikọ USB-HID, TFT touchscreen njikwa, HDMI, mgbasawanye njikọ, SRAM, Ethernet PHY I / O, USB-HID njikwa, FPGA I / O, oscillators, SPI Flash. , Audio codec, TFT ngosi, OLED ngosi, GPIO, na Pmods.

Sistemụ nnabata:
Adept bụ sistemụ ngwanrọ na-enye nhazi nhazi dị mfe maka ịhazi bọọdụ Anvyl. Iji Adept hazie bọọdụ Anvyl, ịkwesịrị ịhazi bọọdụ wee bido ngwa ngwa.

Ntuziaka ojiji ngwaahịa

Gbaa mbọ hụ na agbanyụrụ bọọdụ Anvyl.
Ọ bụrụ na ịchọrọ ịhazi FPGA site na ROM, hụ na ebughị ihe n'ụgbọelu mode jumper (JP2). Ọ bụrụ na ịchọrọ ịhazi FPGA site na JTAG ma ọ bụ USB, ibu JP2.

Ọ bụrụ na ịchọrọ ịhazi FPGA site na mkpanaka ebe nchekwa, jide n'aka na ọ bụ FAT haziri ma nwee otu nhazi .bit. filena mgbọrọgwụ ndekọ.
Jikọọ ọkụ na-esi na mpụga na etiti ezigbo, 2.1mminternal dayameta coax plọg iji nye 5V, 4A ma ọ bụ isi iyi ike ka ukwuu achọrọ.

Ozugbo ejikọrọ ọkụ eletrik, ọkụ ọkụ dị mma (LD19) kwesịrị igosi na ihe niile na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma.
Ọ bụrụ na ị na-eji Adept System maka mmemme, guzobe bọọdụ Anvyl wee bido ngwanro dịka akwụkwọ Adept siri dị.

Soro ntuziaka mmemme akọwapụtara nke Digilent ma ọ bụ Xilinx nyere iji hazie FPGA site na iji JTAG, USB, ma ọ bụ ROM ụzọ.
Rụtụ aka na akwụkwọ agbakwunyere na akụrụngwa dị na Digilent websaịtị maka ozi ndị ọzọ gbasara iji atụmatụ bọọdụ na ndakọrịta na bọọdụ mgbakwunye.

gafereview

Usoro mmepe nke Anvyl FPGA bụ ikpo okwu mmepe sekit dijitalụ zuru oke, dị njikere iji ya dabere na ọkwa ọsọ -3 Xilinx Spartan-6 LX45 FPGA. Nnukwu FPGA, yana 100-mbps Ethernet, HDMI Video, 128MB DDR2 ebe nchekwa, 4.3 ″ LED backlit LCD touchscreen, 128 × 32 pixel OLED ngosi, 630 tie-point breadboard, otutu USB HID njikwa, na I2S audio codec, na-eme Anvyl ka ọ bụrụ ezigbo ikpo okwu maka ebe FPX nwere ike ịkwado ebe FPX nwere ike imepụta ebe a na-emepụta ihe. MicroBlaze. Anvyl dakọtara na ngwa Xilinx CAD niile, gụnyere ChipScope, EDK na ISE efu. WebPACK™, yabụ enwere ike ịmecha atụmatụ na-akwụghị ụgwọ ọ bụla. Akụkụ osisi ahụ bụ 27.5cm x 21cm.

Emebere Spartan-6 LX45 maka mgbagha arụmọrụ dị elu yana inye:

Mpekere 6,822, nke ọ bụla nwere ntinye LUT anọ na flip-flops asatọ
2.1Mbits nke ngwa ngwa ngọngọ RAM

Taịlị elekere anọ (DCM asatọ & PLL anọ)
Mpekere 58 DSP

500MHz+ na-agba ọsọ elekere

Nchịkọta bọọdụ zuru oke na-akwado IP na atụmatụ ntụnye aka, yana nnukwu mkpokọta mbadamba ihe mgbakwunye dị na Digilent. websaịtị. Lee ibe Anvyl na www.digilentinc.com maka ozi ndị ọzọ.

Atụmatụ gụnyere:

Spartan6-LX45 FPGA：XC6SLX45-CSG484-3
128MB DDR2 SDRAM

2MB SRAM
16MB QSPI FLASH maka nhazi na nchekwa data

10/100 Ethernet PHY
Mmepụta vidiyo HDMI
12-bit VGA ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri
4.3 ″ obosara-format vivid agba LED backlit LCD ihuenyo
128×32 pikselụ 0.9" WiseChip/Univision UG-23832HSWEG04 OLED graphic ngosi panel
Ngosipụta akụkụ atọ nwere ọnụọgụ abụọ nke asaa
I2S Audio codec nwere ahịrị in, ahịrị-apụ, igweokwu na ekweisi
100MHz Crystal oscillator
ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri USB2 maka mmemme yana ngwaọrụ USB-HID (maka òké/keyboard)
USB-JTAG sekit nwere ọrụ USB-UART
ahụigodo nwere igodo nwere akara 16 (0-F)
GPIO: 14 LEDs (10 red, 2 yellow, 2 green), 8 slide switches, 8 DIP switches na 2 otu na 4 push buttons
bred nwere 10 Digital I/O
32 I/O gbadara na njikọ mgbasawanye 40-pin (a na-ekekọrịta I/O na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Pmod)
ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Pmod 12-pin nwere ngụkọta 56 I/O
ụgbọ mmiri nwere ike 20W na eriri USB

Nhazi FPGA

Mgbe agbanwuru ya, FPGA dị na bọọdụ Anvyl ga-ahazirịrị (ma ọ bụ hazie ya) tupu ya enwee ike ịrụ ọrụ ọ bụla. Enwere ike ịhazi FPGA n'ụzọ atọ: PC nwere ike iji Digilent USB-JTAG circuitry (ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri J12, nke akpọrọ "PROG") iji hazie FPGA oge ọ bụla ike na-agbanye, nhazi file echekwara na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri SPI Flash ROM nwere ike ibufe ya na FPGA na-akpaghị aka na ike, ma ọ bụ mmemme. file enwere ike ibufe ya site na mkpanaka USB gaa na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri USB HID akpọrọ "Ọbịa" (J14).
Ụdị jumper nke nọ na bọọdụ (JP2) na-ahọrọ n'etiti JTAG/ USB na ROM usoro mmemme. Ọ bụrụ na ebughị JP2, FPGA ga-ahazi onwe ya na ROM ozugbo. Ọ bụrụ na ebujuru JP2, FPGA ga-anọ n'enweghị ọrụ ka agbanwuru ya ruo mgbe ahaziri ya na J.TAG ma ọ bụ Serial programming port (USB memory stick).
Ma Digilent na Xilinx na-ekesa sọftụwia enwere ike iji hazie FPGA na SPI ROM. Mmemme fileA na-echekwa s n'ime FPGA na sel ebe nchekwa dabere na SRAM. Data a na-akọwapụta ọrụ mgbagha na njikọ sekit nke FPGA, ọ na-adịkwa irè ruo mgbe ehichapụrụ ya site na iwepu ike, na-ekwupụta ntinye PROG_B, ma ọ bụ ruo mgbe nhazi ọhụrụ degharịa ya. file.
Nhazi FPGA filebufere site na JTAG ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na site na eriri USB jiri .bit file ụdị, na mmemme SPI files jiri .mcs file ụdị. Xilinx's ISE WebNgwa ngwugwu na EDK nwere ike ịmepụta .bit files sitere na VHDL, Verilog, ma ọ bụ isi mmalite nke schematic files (EDK na-eji maka MicroBlaze™ agbakwunyere ihe nrụpụta dabere). Otu ugboro a .bit file emebela ya, enwere ike iji ya hazie FPGA Anvyl na USB-JTAG circuitry (ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri J12) na-eji ma Digilent's Adept software ma ọ bụ iMPACT nke Xilinx. Iji mepụta .mcs file site na .bit file, jiri PROM File Ngwá ọrụ Generator n'ime software iMPACT nke Xilinx. Ihe .mcs file enwere ike hazie ya na Flash SPI site na iji iMPACT.

Ngwunye ọkụ

Bọdụ Anvyl chọrọ mpụga 5V, 4A ma ọ bụ ike ka ukwuu nwere ezigbo etiti, 2.1mm n'ime dayameta coax plọg (a na-enye ihe kwesịrị ekwesị dị ka akụkụ nke ngwa Anvyl). Voltage regulator circuits si Analog Devices na-emepụta ihe achọrọ 3.3V, 1.8V na 1.2V site na isi 5V ọkọnọ. Igwe ọkụ dị mma (LD19), nke wired ma ọ bụ nke nsonaazụ ike niile dị na akụrụngwa na-egosi na ihe niile na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma. Ngwa ndị a dị na ụgbọ okporo ígwè ọ bụla:

5V: Njikọ USB-HID, njikwa ihuenyo mmetụ TFT, HDMI, na njikọ mgbasawanye

3.3V: SRAM, Ethernet PHY I/O, USB-HID njikwa, FPGA I/O, oscillators, SPI Flash, Audio codec, TFT ngosi, OLED ngosi, GPIO, Pmods, na njikọ mgbasawanye.
1.8V: DDR2, USB-JTAG/USB-UART njikwa, FPGA I/O, na GPIO
1.2V: FPGA isi na Ethernet PHY isi

Sistemụ nnabata
Adept nwere interface nhazi dị mfe. Iji Adept hazie bọọdụ Anvyl, buru ụzọ guzobe bọọdụ wee bido ngwanro a:

tinye ma tinye ọkụ eletrik
tinye eriri USB na PC yana n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri PROG USB dị na bọọdụ

malite ngwa ngwa Adept
gbanye ọkụ ọkụ Anvyl
chere ka amata FPGA

Jiri ọrụ nchọgharị iji jikọta .bit achọrọ file na FPGA, wee pịa bọtịnụ Mmemme. Nhazi file a ga-eziga na FPGA, igbe okwu ga-egosi ma mmemme ọ gara nke ọma. Nhazi “emere” LED ga-enwu mgbe ahazichara FPGA nke ọma. Tupu ịmalite usoro mmemme, Adept na-ahụ na nhazi ọ bụla ahọpụtara files nwere koodu NJ FPGA ziri ezi - nke a na-egbochi .bit na-ezighi ezi files site na iziga na FPGA. Na mgbakwunye na mmanya igodo na ịchọgharị na bọtịnụ mmemme, interface nhazi na-enye bọtịnụ Initialize Chain, windo njikwa, na ọkwa ọkwa. Bọtịnụ Initialize Chain bara uru ma ọ bụrụ na akwụsịla nkwukọrịta USB na bọọdụ ahụ. Window njikwa na-egosiputa ọkwa dị ugbu a, na ogwe ọkwa na-egosi ọganihu ozugbo mgbe ị na-ebudata nhazi file.

DDR2 ebe nchekwa
A na-achụpụ otu mgbawa ebe nchekwa 1Gbit DDR2 site na ngọngọ ebe nchekwa na Spartan-6 FGPA. Ngwa DDR2, MT47H64M16HR-25E ma ọ bụ otu, na-enye ụgbọ ala 16-bit na ọnọdụ 64M. A nwalere bọọdụ Anvyl maka ịrụ ọrụ DDR2 na ọnụego data ruru 800MHz. Ihe interface DDR2 na-agbaso pin-out na ntuziaka ntuziaka akọwapụtara na ntuziaka onye ọrụ Xilinx Memory Interface Generator (MIG). Ihe interface ahụ na-akwado akara ngosi SSTL18, na adreesị niile, data, clocks, na akara njikwa na-egbu oge na-achịkwa ma na-achịkwa impedance. A na-enye ụzọ mgbama elekere DDR2 abụọ dabara nke ọma ka e wee nwee ike iji elekere skew dị ala na-ebugharị DDRXNUMX site na FPGA.

Ebe nchekwa Flash
Board Anvyl na-eji 128Mbit Numonyx N25Q128 Serial flash memory device (ahaziri dị ka 16Mbit site 8) maka nchekwa na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe nke nhazi FPGA. files. Enwere ike iji .mcs hazie SPI Flash file iji iMPACT software. Nhazi FPGA file chọrọ ihe na-erughị 12Mbits, na-ahapụ 116Mbits maka data onye ọrụ. Enwere ike ibufe data na site na PC gaa na/site na ngwaọrụ flash site na ngwa onye ọrụ, ma ọ bụ site na akụrụngwa arụnyere n'ime iMPACT PROM file ọgbọ software. Atụmatụ onye ọrụ emebere n'ime FPGA nwekwara ike ịnyefe data gaa na site na ọkụ.
A na-ebunye mmemme ule bọọdụ n'ime Flash SPI n'oge nrụpụta.

Njikọ PHY
Bọdụ Anvyl gụnyere SMSC 10/100 mbps PHY (LAN8720A-CP-TR) jikọtara ya na njikọ Halo HFJ11-2450E RJ-45. Ejikọrọ PHY na FPGA site na iji nhazi RMII. A haziri ya ka ọ banye n'ụdị "Enwere ike, yana akpaaka mkparita uka" na-agbanye ọkụ. Mpempe akwụkwọ data maka SMSC PHY dị site na SMSC websaịtị.

HDMI mmepụta
Bọdụ Anvyl nwere otu ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri HDMI na-enweghị atụ. Ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri anaghị akwado ya na-eji njikọ HDMI ụdị A. Ebe ọ bụ na sistemụ HDMI na DVI na-eji otu ọkọlọtọ akara ngosi TMDS, ihe nkwụnye dị mfe (nke dị n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ahịa eletrọnịkị) nwere ike iji chụpụ njikọ DVI site na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri HDMI. Njikọ HDMI anaghị agụnye akara ngosi VGA, yabụ enweghị ike ịnya ihe ngosi analog.
Njikọ HDMI nke 19-pin gụnyere ọwa data dị iche iche anọ, njikọ GND ise, ụgbọ ala otu waya Consumer Electronics Control (CEC), ụgbọ ala ngosi ihe ngosi data abụọ (DDC) nke bụ n'ezie ụgbọ ala I2C, nchọpụta ọkụ ọkụ. Mgbama (HPD), mgbama 5V nwere ike ibuga ihe ruru 50mA, yana otu ntụtụ echekwara (RES). N'ime ndị a, ọwa data dị iche, ụgbọ ala I2C, na CEC jikọtara na FPGA.

VGA
Anvyl na-enye interface VGA 12bit nke na-enye ohere ruo agba 4096 gosipụtara na ọkọlọtọ VGA Monitor. A na-ebupụ akara ngosi VGA ise ọkọlọtọ Red, Green, Blue, Horizontal Sync (HS), na Vertical Sync (VS) ozugbo site na FPGA gaa na njikọ VGA. Enwere akara anọ esitere na FPGA maka akara ngosi agba VGA nke ọ bụla na-ebute usoro vidiyo nwere ike imepụta agba 4,096. Nke ọ bụla n'ime mgbaàmà ndị a nwere usoro resistor nke mgbe ejikọtara na sekit, na-etolite nkesa na nkwụsị nkwụsị 75-ohm nke ngosi VGA. Sekit ndị a dị mfe na-achọpụta na akara vidiyo enweghị ike ịgafe oke volta nke akọwapụtara VGAtage, wee weta akara ngosi agba nke dị n'ụzọ zuru ezu (.7V), gbanyụọ kpamkpam (0V) ma ọ bụ ebe dị n'etiti.

Ọgụgụ 2. VGA interface.

Ọgụgụ 3. HD njikọ DB-15, ụkpụrụ oghere PCB, ọrụ ntụtụ, na eserese ngosi agba.

Ihe ngosi VGA dabere na CRT na-eji ampIbe eletrọn na-akpụ akpụ nke litude-modulated (ma ọ bụ ụzarị cathode) iji gosipụta ozi na ihuenyo mkpuchi phosphor. Ngosipụta LCD na-eji ọtụtụ ọkụ ọkụ nwere ike weta voltage gafere ntakịrị kristal mmiri mmiri, si otú ahụ na-agbanwe ikike ikike ìhè site na kristal na ntọala pikselụ-site-pixel. Ọ bụ ezie na nkọwa ndị a bụ naanị na ngosipụta CRT, ihe ngosi LCD etolitela iji otu oge mgbaama ahụ dị ka ngosipụta CRT (ya mere mkparịta ụka “signal” dị n'okpuru metụtara ma CRT na LCDs). Ngosipụta CRT agba na-eji eriri eletrọn atọ (otu maka uhie, otu maka acha anụnụ anụnụ, na otu maka akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ) iji mee ka phosphor na-ekpuchi akụkụ dị n'ime nke njedebe ngosi nke tube ray cathode (lee fig. 1). Igwe ọkụ eletrik na-esi na "egbe eletrọn", nke bụ cathodes kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ nke a na-atụ anya nke ọma na-edobe nso na efere anular nwere ụgwọ dị mma nke a na-akpọ "grid". Ike electrostatic nke grid na-amanye na-adọta ụzarị nke electrons ume sitere na cathodes, na ụzarị ndị ahụ na-enye nri site na ugbu a na-asọba na cathodes. A na-ebulite ụzarị ụzarị ndị a ngwa ngwa kwupụta grid, mana n'oge na-adịghị anya, ha na-ada n'okpuru mmetụta nke ike electrostatic ka ukwuu nke na-esi na elu ngosi phosphor kpuchie nke CRT na-ebubo ya na 20kV (ma ọ bụ karịa). Ụzarị a na-elekwasị anya na ezigbo ọkụ ka ha na-agafe n'etiti etiti grids, wee mee ngwa ngwa na-emetụta n'elu ihe ngosi nke nwere phosphor. N'elu phosphor na-egbuke egbuke na mmetụta mmetụta, ọ na-aga n'ihu na-enwu ruo ọtụtụ narị microseconds mgbe e wepụrụ osisi ahụ. Ka ibu nke ugbu a na-enye nri na cathode, ka phosphor na-egbuke egbuke ga-enwu.

N'agbata grid na elu ngosi, oghere eletrọn na-agafe n'olu CRT ebe eriri abụọ nke waya na-emepụta oghere electromagnetic orthogonal. N'ihi na ụzarị cathode na-agụnye ihe ndị na-ebubo ebubo
(elektrọn), enwere ike ịgbagha ha site na oghere ndọta ndị a. A na-agafe ụdị ebili mmiri dị ugbu a site na eriri igwe iji mepụta oghere magnetik nke na-emekọrịta ihe na ụzarị cathode ma mee ka ha gbanwee ihe ngosi ahụ n'ụdị "raster", kwụ ọtọ site n'aka ekpe gaa n'aka nri na kwụ ọtọ site n'elu ruo na ala. Ka cathode ray na-agagharị n'elu ihe ngosi ahụ, ihe ugbu a na-ezigara na egbe eletrọn nwere ike ịbawanye ma ọ bụ belata iji gbanwee nchapụta nke ngosi na ebe mmetụta cathode ray.

VGA usoro oge
A na-akọwapụta oge mgbama VGA, bipụta, nwebiisinka ma na-ere ya site na nzukọ VESA (www.vesa.org). A na-enye ozi oge usoro VGA dị ka exampOtu esi eme ihe nlebanya VGA nwere mkpebi 640×480. Maka ozi ziri ezi ọzọ, ma ọ bụ maka ozi gbasara ugboro VGA ndị ọzọ, rụtụ aka na akwụkwọ dị na VESA websaịtị.
A na-egosipụta ozi naanị mgbe ọkụ na-aga n'ihu "n'ihu" (aka ekpe gaa n'aka nri na n'elu ruo ala), ọ bụghị n'oge a na-emegharị osisi ahụ azụ n'aka ekpe ma ọ bụ n'elu elu nke ngosi. Ya mere, ọtụtụ n'ime oge ngosi nwere ike na-efunahụ n'oge "oghere" mgbe a na-edozi beam ma guzosie ike iji malite ngafe ngosi ọhụụ ma ọ bụ kwụ ọtọ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke oghere ndị ahụ, ugboro ole enwere ike ịchọta ihe ngosi ahụ n'ofe ihe ngosi, na ugboro ole a na-eme ka ọkụ eletrik na-ekpebi mkpebi ngosi. Ngosipụta VGA ọgbara ọhụrụ nwere ike ịnabata mkpebi dị iche iche, na sekit onye na-ahụ maka VGA na-ekpebi mkpebi ahụ site na iwepụta akara oge iji jikwaa ụkpụrụ raster. Onye na-ahụ maka ya ga-emepụta pulses synchronizing na 3.3V (ma ọ bụ 5V) iji tọọ ugboro nke ugbu a na-aga site na mkpuchi mkpuchi, ma ọ ghaghị ịhụ na etinyere data vidiyo na egbe eletrọn n'oge kwesịrị ekwesị. Ihe ngosi vidiyo Raster na-akọwa ọnụ ọgụgụ nke "ahịrị" nke dabara na ọnụọgụ nke ngafe kwụ ọtọ nke cathode na-eme n'elu ebe ngosi, yana ọtụtụ "ogidi" nke kwekọrọ na mpaghara n'ahịrị nke ọ bụla nke e kenyere otu "ihe osise" ma ọ bụ pixel. Ngosipụta a na-ahụkarị na-eji site na ahịrị 240 ruo 1200 yana site na kọlụm 320 ruo 1600. Ogo n'ozuzu nke ngosi yana ọnụọgụ ahịrị na kọlụm na-ekpebi nha pikselụ ọ bụla.

Data vidiyo na-esite na ebe nchekwa vidiyo na-enye ume ọhụrụ, yana otu bytes ma ọ bụ karịa ekenye ya na ebe pixel ọ bụla (Anvyl na-eji bit anọ kwa pixel). Onye njikwa ahụ ga-edebanye aha n'ime ebe nchekwa vidiyo ka ogwe ahụ na-agafe na ngosi ahụ, wee weghachite ma tinye data vidiyo na ngosi ahụ kpọmkwem oge ọkụ eletrik na-agafe n'ofe pixel nyere.

Igwe njikwa VGA ga-emepụta akara oge HS na VS ma hazie nnyefe data vidiyo dabere na elekere pixel. Elekere pikselụ na-akọwa oge dị iji gosipụta otu pikselụ ozi. Mgbama VS na-akọwapụta ugboro “ume ọhụrụ” nke ngosi, ma ọ bụ ugboro ole a na-emegharị ozi niile dị na ngosi ahụ. Opekempe ntanye ume ọhụrụ bụ ọrụ nke phosphor ngosi na ike ọkụ eletrọn, yana ugboro ume ọhụrụ na-adaba n'ogo 50Hz ruo 120Hz. Ọnụọgụ ahịrị ndị a ga-egosipụta n'otu oge ume ọhụrụ enyere na-akọwa ugboro ole “retrace” kwụ ọtọ. Maka ngosipụta 640-pixel site na 480-ahịrị site na iji elekere pikselụ 25MHz na ume ọhụrụ 60 +/-1Hz, enwere ike nweta oge mgbama egosiri na tebụl dị n'okpuru. Oge maka mmekọrịta obosara obosara na n'ihu na azụ ihe owuwu ụzọ mbata (n'oge ihe owuwu ụzọ mbata bụ oge izizi na mgbe enweghị ike igosipụta ozi) dabere na nlebanya sitere na ngosipụta VGA n'ezie.
Ihe sekit onye na-ahụ maka VGA na-ekpebi mmepụta nke counter-mmekọrịta kwụ ọtọ nke elekere pikselụ na-ebugharị iji wepụta oge mgbama HS. Enwere ike iji counter a chọta ebe pixel ọ bụla n'ahịrị enyere.

N'otu aka ahụ, enwere ike iji mmepụta nke counter syncing vertical-sync nke na-abawanye na HS pulse ọ bụla iji mepụta oge mgbaàmà VS, enwere ike iji counter a chọta ahịrị ọ bụla. Enwere ike iji ọnụọgụ abụọ a na-agba ọsọ na-aga n'ihu iji mepụta adreesị n'ime RAM vidiyo. Enweghị mmekọrịta oge n'etiti mmalite nke HS pulse na mmalite nke VS pulse ka akọwapụtara, yabụ onye nrụpụta nwere ike ịhazi counters iji mepụta adreesị RAM vidiyo ngwa ngwa, ma ọ bụ belata mgbagha ngbanwe maka ọgbọ sync pulse.

Audio (I2S)
Bọdụ Anvyl na-agụnye codec audio Analog Devices SSM2603CPZ (IC5) nwere jakị ọdịyo 1/8 inch anọ maka ahịrị-out (J7), isi ekwe ntị (J6), line-in (J9), na igwe okwu-in (J8). .
Data ọdịyo sampA na-akwado ihe ruru 24 bits na 96KHz, yana ọdịyo dị na (ndekọ) na ọpụpụ (ngụghachi) sampEnwere ike ịtọ ọnụego ling n'onwe ya. Igwe igwe okwu bụ mono, na jacks ndị ọzọ niile bụ stereo. Ọkpụkpọ ekweisi bụ nke ime codec audio na-anya ya amponye ndu. Mpempe akwụkwọ data maka SSM2603CPZ audio codec dị site na Ngwaọrụ Analog websaịtị.

Ngosipụta TFT ihuenyo mmetụ
A na-eji ihuenyo 4.3 ″ obosara obosara na-acha ọkụ ọkụ LED backlit LCD na Anvyl. Ihuenyo nwere ihe ngosi mkpebi obodo 480 × 272 nwere omimi agba nke 24 bits kwa pixel. Ihuenyo mmetụ na-eguzogide waya anọ nwere mkpuchi antiglare na-ekpuchi mpaghara ngosi niile na-arụ ọrụ. Enwere ike iji ihuenyo LCD na ihuenyo mmetụ ahụ n'onwe ya. Ọgụgụ aka na-akawanye mkpọtụ mgbe LCD dị, mana ị nwere ike nyochaa mkpọtụ ahụ wee nweta s ngwa ngwaample ọnụego. Ọ bụrụ na ị chọrọ kacha nkenke na sampNa ọnụego, ị kwesịrị ị gbanyụọ LCD n'oge touchscreen sampegbu oge.
Iji gosi ihe onyonyo, LCD kwesịrị ka ejiri data oge kwesịrị ekwesị na-ebugharị ya. Ihe omuma a nwere ahịrị na oge oghere na-etolite fremu vidiyo. Eku ọ bụla nwere ahịrị 272 na-arụ ọrụ yana ọtụtụ ahịrị kwụ ọtọ. Ahịrị ọ bụla nwere oge pikselụ 480 na-arụ ọrụ yana ọtụtụ oge oghere kwụ ọtọ.
Maka ozi ndị ọzọ maka iji Ngosipụta TFT, rụtụ aka na akwụkwọ ntụnye aka Vmod-TFT. The Anvyl na Vmod-TFT na-eji otu ihe ngosi ngwaike ma na-achọ otu akara akara. Enwere ike ịchọta atụmatụ nrụtụ aka nke na-eji ihe ngosi TFT touchscreen Anvyl na ibe ngwaahịa Anvyl.

OLED
A na-eji ihe ngosi Inteltronic/Wisechip UG-2832HSWEG04 OLED na Anvyl. Nke a na-enye 128 × 32 pixel, passive-matrix, monochrome ngosi. Ngosipụta nha bụ 30mm x 11.5mm x 1.45mm. A na-eji interface SPI hazie ihe ngosi, yana iziga data bitmap na ngwaọrụ ahụ. Anvyl OLED na-egosiputa onyonyo ikpeazụ esere na ihuenyo ruo mgbe agbanyere ya ma ọ bụ dọtara onyonyo ọhụrụ na ngosipụta. A na-edozi ihe na-enye ume ọhụrụ na imelite n'ime.
Anvyl nwere otu sekit OLED dị ka PmodOLED, ewezuga na CS # wepụrụ ala, na-eme ka ngosi ahụ na ndabara. Maka ozi ndị ọzọ gbasara ịkwọ ụgbọala Anvyl OLED, rụtụ aka na akwụkwọ ntuziaka PmodOLED. Enwere ike ịchọta atụmatụ nrụtụ aka nke na-eji ihe ngosi Anvyl OLED na ibe ngwaahịa Anvyl.

USB-UART Bridge (Oghere Usoro Port)
Anvyl gụnyere akwa FTDI FT2232HQ USB-UART iji kwe ka ngwa PC jikọọ na bọọdụ site na iji iwu ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Windows COM ọkọlọtọ. Ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ ala ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri USB-COM efu, dị na www.ftdichip.com n'okpuru "Virtual Com Port" ma ọ bụ isi VCP, gbanwee ngwugwu USB gaa na data UART/serial port. A na-eji FPGA gbanwere data ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri serial site na iji ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri nwere waya abụọ (TXD/RXD) yana njikwa ọsọ sọftụwia (XON/XOFF). Mgbe etinyechara ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ ala, iwu I/O sitere na PC na-eduga n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri COM ga-emepụta okporo ụzọ data na ntụtụ T19 na T20 FPGA.

A na-ejikwa FT2232HQ, jikọtara na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri J12, dị ka onye njikwa maka Digilent USB-J.TAG sekit, mana ọrụ abụọ a na-akpa àgwà kpamkpam na-adabereghị na ibe ha. Ndị mmemme nwere mmasị iji ọrụ UART nke FT2232 n'ime imewe ha adịghị mkpa ichegbu onwe ha maka J.TAG circuitry na-etinye aka na data ha, na vice versa.

Ndị ọbịa USB HID
Abụọ Microchip PIC24FJ128GB106 microcontrollers na-enye Anvyl ike USB HID nnabata. Firmware na microcontrollers nwere ike ịnya òké ma ọ bụ keyboard nke agbakwunyere ụdị njikọ USB A na J13 na

J14 akara
"HID" na "HOST". A naghị akwado ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri, yabụ naanị otu òké ma ọ bụ otu ahụigodo nwere ike iji n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ọ bụla.

Ọgụgụ 9. USB HID interface.

“HOST” PIC24 na-ebuba akara anọ n'ime FPGA - abụọ raara onwe ya nye dị ka ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri keyboard / òké na-eso ụkpụrụ PS/2, yana abụọ jikọtara ya na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri nwere eriri abụọ nke FPGA, yabụ enwere ike ịhazi FPGA site na file echekwara na ebe nchekwa USB. Iji hazie FPGA, tinye osisi nchekwa nchekwa FAT nwere otu mmemme .bit file na ndekọ mgbọrọgwụ, ibu JP2, na ike bọọdụ okirikiri. Nke a ga-eme ka ihe nhazi PIC mebere FPGA, yana ihe ọ bụla ezighi ezi files ga-ajụ ozugbo. Rịba ama na PIC24 na-agụ ọnọdụ FPGA, init, na ntụtụ emee, ma nwee ike ịnya pin PROG dịka akụkụ nke usoro mmemme.

Onye njikwa HID
Iji nweta onye na-ahụ maka ndị ọbịa USB, atụmatụ EDK nwere ike iji ọkọlọtọ PS/2 core (ụdị na-abụghị EDK nwere ike iji igwe steeti dị mfe).

Ụmụ oke na ahụigodo ndị na-eji PS/2 protocol1 na-eji ụgbọ ala nwere waya abụọ (elekere na data) iji soro ngwaọrụ ndị ọbịa kparịta ụka. Ha abụọ na-eji okwu 11-bit nke na-agụnye mmalite, nkwụsị, na ihe na-adịghị mma, ma a na-ahazi ngwugwu data dị iche iche, na keyboard interface na-enye ohere ịnyefe data bi-directional (ya mere ngwaọrụ ndị ọbịa nwere ike ime ka LEDs steeti na keyboard). Egosiri oge ụgbọ ala na foto a. A na-ebugharị elekere na akara data naanị mgbe mbufe data mere, ma ọ bụghị ya, a na-ejide ya na ọnọdụ efu na mgbagha '1'. Oge a na-akọwapụta ihe mgbama chọrọ maka nkwukọrịta òké-na-anabata yana nkwukọrịta ahụigodo bi-directional. Enwere ike itinye sekit interface PS/2 na FPGA iji mepụta igodo ahụigodo ma ọ bụ òké.

Ahụigodo
Ahụigodo ahụ na-eji ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ ala mepere emepe ka keyboard, ma ọ bụ ngwaọrụ nnabata agbakwunyere, nwere ike ịnya ụgbọ ala nwere waya abụọ (ọ bụrụ na ngwaọrụ nnabata agaghị ezipụ data na kiiboodu, mgbe ahụ onye ọbịa nwere ike iji ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ntinye naanị).
Ahụigodo ụdị PS/2 na-eji koodu nyocha iji kpakọrịta data pịa igodo. A na-ekenye igodo ọ bụla koodu a na-eziga mgbe ọ bụla ịpịrị igodo. Ọ bụrụ na ejidere igodo ahụ, a ga-eziga koodu nyocha ugboro ugboro ihe dị ka otu ugboro na 100ms. Mgbe ewepụtara igodo, a na-eziga koodu igodo F0 (ọnụọgụ abụọ "11110000"), koodu nyocha nke igodo ewepụtara na-esote. Ọ bụrụ na enwere ike ịgbanwe igodo iji mepụta agwa ọhụrụ (dị ka mkpụrụedemede ukwu), mgbe ahụ, a na-eziga agwa mgbanwe na mgbakwunye na koodu nyocha, onye ọbịa ga-ekpebi ụdị agwa ASCII ga-eji. Ụfọdụ igodo, nke a na-akpọ igodo agbatị, na-eziga E0 (ọnụọgụ abụọ "11100000") n'ihu koodu nyocha (ma ha nwere ike izipu ihe karịrị otu koodu nyocha). Mgbe ewepụtara igodo agbatịkwuru, a na-eziga koodu igodo E0 F0, koodu nyocha na-esote. E gosipụtara koodu nyocha maka ọtụtụ igodo na ọnụ ọgụgụ a. Ngwaọrụ nnabata nwekwara ike izipu data na ahụigodo. N'okpuru bụ ndepụta dị mkpirikpi nke ụfọdụ iwu nkịtị onye ọbịa nwere ike izipu.

ED: Tọọ Mkpọchi ọnụọgụ, Mkpọchi Caps, na Pịgharịa kpọchie LEDs. Ahụigodo laghachiri FA mgbe ọ natachara ED, mgbe ahụ onye ọbịa na-eziga byte ka ịtọọ ọkwa LED: bit 0 na-esetịpụ Mkpọchi, bit 1 setịpụrụ Num Lock, na bit 2 setịpụrụ mkpọchi mkpuchi. A na-eleghara ibe 3 ruo 7 anya.
EE: Echo (nnwale). Ahụigodo na-eweghachi EE mgbe ọ nwetasịrị EE.

F3: Tọọ ọnụego nyocha koodu. Ahụigodo na-eweghachite F3 na ịnata FA, mgbe ahụ onye ọbịa na-eziga byte nke abụọ ka ịtọọ ọnụego nkwugharị.
FE: Zigharịa. FE na-eduzi ahụigodo ka izipu koodu nyocha kacha ọhụrụ.
FF: Tọgharia. Na-atọgharịa ahụigodo.

Ahụigodo nwere ike izipu data na onye ọbịa naanị mgbe ma data na ahịrị elekere dị elu (ma ọ bụ enweghị ọrụ). Ebe ọ bụ na onye ọbịa bụ onye isi ụgbọ ala, ahụigodo ahụ ga-enyocharịrị iji hụ ma onye ọbịa na-eziga data tupu ịkwọ ụgbọ ala. Iji mee ka nke a dị mfe, a na-eji akara elekere dị ka akara ngosi "ezigbo izipu". Ọ bụrụ na onye ọbịa wepụrụ ahịrị elekere ala, ahụigodo agaghị ezipụ data ọ bụla ruo mgbe ewepụtara elekere. Ahụigodo ahụ na-ezigara onye nnabata data n'okwu 11-bit nwere mmalite '0', yana 8-bits nke koodu nyocha (LSB nke mbụ), na-esochi ntakịrị nhụsianya ma kwụsị na nkwụsị '1'. Ahụigodo ahụ na-emepụta ntụgharị elekere 11 (na 20 ruo 30KHz) mgbe ezigara data ahụ, yana data dị na njedebe nke ọdịda nke elekere.

Ọ bụghị ndị nrụpụta keyboard niile na-agbasosi nkọwapụta PS/2; ụfọdụ ahụigodo nwere ike ọ gaghị ewepụta akara ngosi kwesịrị ekwesị voltages ma ọ bụ jiri ụkpụrụ nkwukọrịta ọkọlọtọ. Ndakọrịta na eriri USB nwere ike ịdị iche n'etiti ahụigodo dị iche iche. 1

E gosipụtara koodu nyocha maka ọtụtụ igodo PS/2 na foto dị n'okpuru.

Òké
Òké na-ewepụta elekere na mgbama data mgbe a na-ebugharị ya, ma ọ bụghị ya, akara ngosi ndị a na-anọgide na mgbagha '1'. Oge ọ bụla ebugharị òké ahụ, a na-eziga okwu atọ 11-bit site na òké gaa na ngwaọrụ nnabata. Nke ọ bụla n'ime okwu 11-bit nwere ntakịrị mmalite '0', yana 8 ibe n'ibe data (LSB nke mbụ), na-esote obere nkwekọ na-adịghị mma, wee kwụsị na nkwụsị '1'. Ya mere, nnyefe data nke ọ bụla nwere 33 ibe n'ibe, ebe ibe n'ibe 0, 11, na 22 bụ '0' mmalite ibe n'ibe, na ibe n'ibe 11, 21, na 33 bụ '1' nkwụsị ibe n'ibe. Oghere data 8-bit atọ nwere data ngagharị dị ka egosiri na foto dị n'elu. Data dị irè na njedebe nke ọdịda nke elekere, na oge elekere bụ 20 ruo 30KHz.
Òké na-ewere usoro nhazi nke ikwu ebe ịkwaga òké gaa n'aka nri na-emepụta nọmba dị mma na mpaghara X, na ịkwaga n'aka ekpe na-ebute ọnụọgụ na-adịghị mma. N'otu aka ahụ, ibugharị òké elu na-emepụta nọmba dị mma na ubi Y, na ịkwada ala na-anọchi anya ọnụọgụ na-adịghị mma (ntụgharị XS na YS dị na byte ọkwa bụ akara akara - '1' na-egosi ọnụọgụ ọjọọ). Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọnụọgụ X na Y na-anọchi anya ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mmegharị òké - ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ ka ukwuu, ngwa ngwa na òké na-aga n'ihu (ntụgharị XV na YV na ọkwa byte bụ ihe nrịba ụba nke mmegharị - '1' pụtara oke mmiri ozuzo mere) . Ọ bụrụ na òké ahụ na-aga n'ihu, a na-emegharị mgbasa ozi 33-bit kwa 50ms ọ bụla ma ọ bụ karịa. Oghere L na R dị na byte ọkwa na-egosi ịpị bọtịnụ aka ekpe na aka nri (a '1' na-egosi na a na-agbanye bọtịnụ).

Ahụigodo
Ahụigodo Anvyl nwere igodo nwere akara iri na isii (16-F). A na-edozi ya dị ka matrix nke a na-ejikọta ahịrị ọ bụla nke bọtịnụ site n'aka ekpe gaa n'aka nri na ntụtụ ahịrị, na kọlụm ọ bụla site n'elu ruo ala na-ejikọta ya na pin kọlụm. Nke a na-enye onye ọrụ ntụtụ ahịrị anọ na ntụtụ kọlụm anọ iji lebara bọtịnụ bọtịnụ. Mgbe ịpịrị bọtịnụ, a na-ejikọta ntụtụ kwekọrọ na ahịrị na kọlụm bọtịnụ ahụ.
Iji gụọ ọnọdụ bọtịnụ, pin kọlụm nke bọtịnụ ahụ bi na ya ga-adị ala ka ntụtụ kọlụm atọ ndị ọzọ na-ebuli elu. Nke a na-eme ka bọtịnụ niile dị na kọlụm ahụ. Mgbe ịpịrị bọtịnụ dị na kọlụm ahụ, ntụtụ ahịrị kwekọrọ ga-agụta mgbagha dị ala.
Enwere ike ikpebi ọnọdụ nke bọtịnụ 16 niile na usoro anọ site n'ịkwado nke ọ bụla n'ime ogidi anọ ahụ n'otu oge. Enwere ike mezuo nke a site n'ịtụgharị ụkpụrụ "1110" site na ntụtụ kọlụm. N'oge usoro nke ọ bụla, ọkwa mgbagha nke ntụtụ ahịrị dabara na ọnọdụ bọtịnụ dị na kọlụm ahụ.

Iji kwe ka ịpị bọtịnụ n'otu oge n'otu ahịrị, kama hazie ntụtụ kọlụm ka ọ bụrụ ntụzịaka nke nwere ndị na-esetịpụ ihe dị n'ime ma debe kọlụm ndị ahụ anaghị agụ ugbu a na nnukwu impedance.

Oscillators/elekere
Bọdụ Anvyl gụnyere otu 100MHz Crystal oscillator ejikọrọ na pin D11 (D11 bụ ntinye GCLK na ụlọ akụ 0). Elekere ntinye nwere ike ịnya ihe ọ bụla ma ọ bụ ihe niile nke taịlị njikwa elekere anọ dị na Spartan-6. Taịlị ọ bụla na-agụnye njikwa elekere dijitalụ abụọ (DCM) yana otu Loop-Locked Loop (PLLs) .DCM na-enye akụkụ anọ nke ugboro ntinye (0º, 90º, 180º, na 270º), elekere kewara ekewa nke nwere ike ịbụ elekere ntinye aka kewara. site na integer ọ bụla sitere na 2 ruo 16 ma ọ bụ 1.5, 2.5, 3.5… 7.5, yana nsonaazụ elekere antiphase abụọ nke enwere ike ịbawanye site na integer ọ bụla site na 2 ruo 32 wee kewaa n'otu oge site na integer ọ bụla site na 1 ruo 32.

Ndị PLL na-eji Voltage Controlled Oscillators (VCOs) nke enwere ike ịhazi ka ịmepụta ugboro ugboro na 400MHz ruo 1080MHz site na ịtọ ntọala atọ nke nkesa mmemme n'oge nhazi FPGA. Nsonaazụ VCO nwere mpụta asatọ nha anya (0º, 45º, 90º, 135º, 180º, 225º, 270º, na 315º) nke nwere ike kewaa site na ọnụọgụ ọ bụla n'etiti 1 na 128.

I/O bụ isi
The Anvyl Board gụnyere LED iri na anọ (iri na-acha ọbara ọbara, abụọ edo edo, na abụọ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ), asatọ slide switches, asatọ DIP switches n'ime otu abụọ, anọ push buttons, atọ abụọ-nọmba abụọ akụkụ asaa, na a 630 tie-point breadboard nwere. I/O dijitalụ iri. A na-ejikọta bọtịnụ ntinye, ihe ngbanwe slide na DIP na FPGA site na usoro resistors iji gbochie mmebi site na sekit dị mkpirikpi na-amaghị ama (obere sekit nwere ike ime ma ọ bụrụ na akọwapụtaghị pin FPGA na bọtịnụ ma ọ bụ ihe ngbanwe slide na-amaghị ama dị ka mmepụta). Bọtịnụ ndị a na-atụgharị bụ mgbanwe "obere oge" nke na-emepụta obere mmepụta mgbe ha na-ezu ike, na mmepụta dị elu naanị mgbe a na-agbanye ha. Mgbanwe slide na mgbanwe DIP na-emepụta ntinye dị elu ma ọ bụ dị ala mgbe niile dabere na ọnọdụ ha. A na-ejikọta bọọdụ dijitalụ iri I/O (BB1 – BB10) na FPGA ka ha wee nwee ike itinye ngwa ngwa na sekit omenala.

Pịa bọtịnụ	Mgbanwe slide	Mgbanwe DIP	Igwe ọkụ			Mpekere achịcha
BTN0: E6	SW0: V5	DIP8-1: G6	LD0: W3	LD9: R7	BB1: AB20		BB9: R19
BTN1: D5	SW1: U4	DIP8-2: G4	LD1: Y4	LD10: U6	BB2: P17		BB10: V19
BTN2: A3	SW2: V3	DIP8-3: F5	LD2: Y1	LD11: T8	BB3: P18
BTN3: AB9	SW3: p4	DIP8-4: E5	LD3: Y3	LD12: T7	BB4: Y19
	SW4: R4	DIP9-1: F8	LD4: AB4	LD13: W4	BB5: Y20
	SW5: p6	DIP9-2: F7	LD5: W1	LD14: U8	BB6: R15
	SW6: p5	DIP9-3: C4	LD6: AB3		BB7: R16
	SW7: p8	DIP9-4: D3	LD7: AA4		BB8: R17

Tebụl 1. Basic I / O pinout.

Ngosipụta akụkụ asaa

bọọdụ Anvyl nwere ihe ngosi LED akụkụ asaa nke cathode nwere ọnụọgụ abụọ. Nke ọ bụla n'ime ọnụọgụ abụọ ahụ nwere akụkụ asaa ahaziri n'usoro "ọnụọgụ asatọ", nke nwere LED agbakwunyere na akụkụ nke ọ bụla. Enwere ike ịgbanye ọkụ nke akụkụ LED n'otu n'otu, yabụ enwere ike igosipụta nke ọ bụla n'ime usoro 2 na ọnụọgụ site na ime ka ọkụ ụfọdụ akụkụ LED wee hapụ ndị ọzọ gbara ọchịchịrị. N'ime ụkpụrụ 128 ndị a nwere ike ime, iri dabara na ọnụọgụ iri kacha baa uru.
Mgbama cathode nkịtị dị ka mgbama ntinye “dijit nwee” isii na ngosipụta ọnụọgụ abụọ atọ. A na-ejikọta anodes nke akụkụ ndị yiri ya na ọnụọgụ isii niile n'ime oghere sekit asaa akpọrọ AA site na AG (ya mere, maka ex.ample, a na-achịkọta ọnụ ọgụgụ “D” isii ndị sitere na mkpụrụọnụọgụgụ isii ahụ n'otu ọnụ sekit a na-akpọ “AD”). Mgbama anode asaa ndị a dị ka ntinye na ngosipụta ọnụọgụ abụọ. Atụmatụ njikọ mgbaama a na-emepụta ihe ngosi multiplexed, ebe akara anode na-adịkarị na ọnụọgụ niile mana ha nwere ike ime ka akụkụ nke ọnụọgụ nke akara ngosi cathode kwekọrọ.

Enwere ike iji sekit njikwa ihe ngosi nyocha iji gosi ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụ abụọ na ngosipụta ọ bụla. Sekit a na-eme ka akara cathode na ụkpụrụ anode kwekọrọ na nke ọ bụla n'usoro na-aga n'ihu na-aga n'ihu, na ọnụego mmelite na-adị ngwa ngwa karịa nzaghachi anya mmadụ. A na-amụnye ọnụọgụ nke ọ bụla naanị otu ụzọ n'ụzọ isii nke oge ahụ, mana n'ihi na anya enweghị ike ịhụ na ọ na-agba ọchịchịrị tupu ọnụọgụgụ ya ọzọ, ọnụọgụ ahụ na-apụta na-enwu n'ihu. Ọ bụrụ na emelitere (ma ọ bụ "ume ọhụrụ") ọnụego a na-ebelata ruo ebe enyere (ihe dị ka 45 hertz), mgbe ahụ ọtụtụ mmadụ ga-amalite ịhụ flicker ngosi.
Ka nke ọ bụla n'ime ọnụọgụ isii ahụ wee pụta na-egbuke egbuke ma na-enwu n'ihu, a ga-ebugharị nkeji ọ bụla otu ugboro na 1 ruo 16ms (maka ugboro ugboro nke 1KHz ruo 60Hz). Maka exampN'ime atụmatụ ume ọhụrụ 60Hz, a ga-eme ka ngosi ahụ nweta ume otu ugboro na 16ms ọ bụla, a ga-enwukwa ọnụọgụ nke ọ bụla maka 1/6 nke okirikiri ume ọhụrụ, ma ọ bụ 2.67ms. Onye njikwa ga-emesi obi ike na ụkpụrụ anode ziri ezi dị mgbe a na-ebugharị mgbama cathode kwekọrọ. Iji gosi usoro a, ọ bụrụ na a kwadoro Cat1 mgbe AB na AC kwadoro, mgbe ahụ, a ga-egosipụta "1" na ọnọdụ ọnụọgụ 1. Mgbe ahụ, ọ bụrụ na a kwadoro Cat2 mgbe AA, AB na AC kwadoro, mgbe ahụ, "7" ga-egosipụta. a ga-egosipụta na ọnọdụ digit 2. Ọ bụrụ na Cat1 na AB, AC na-ebugharị maka 8ms, mgbe ahụ Cat2 na AA, AB, AC na-ebugharị maka 8ms na-adịghị agwụ agwụ, ngosi ga-egosi "17". Otu exampE gosipụtara eserese oge maka onye njikwa ọnụọgụ abụọ n'okpuru.

Mgbasa Counters
Bọdụ Anvyl nwere njikọ pin 2 × 20 yana ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Pmod 12-pin asaa. Ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Pmod bụ akụkụ aka nri 2 × 6, njikọ nwanyị 100-mil na-arụ ọrụ na ọkọlọtọ 2 × 6 pin nkụnye eji isi mee dị site na ụdị nkesa katalọgụ dị iche iche. Ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri 12-pin Pmod ọ bụla na-enye akara ngosi 3.3V VCC abụọ (ntụpọ 6 na 12), akara abụọ Ground (atụm 5 na 11), yana akara mgbagha asatọ. VCC na ntụtụ Ground nwere ike ibunye ihe ruru 1A nke ugbu a. Ihe nrịbama data Pmod adabaghị na ụzọ abụọ, ma a na-emeri ha site na iji egwu kacha dị adị na-enweghị njikwa impedance ma ọ bụ igbu oge dakọtara. Digilent na-emepụta nnukwu nchịkọta Pmod ngwa ngwa nke nwere ike itinye na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Pmod. Anyị nwere Pmods akwadoro maka Anvyl akpọrọ "Anvyl Pmod Pack".

Njikọ mgbasawanye 40-pin nwere akara ngosi 32 I/O nke a na-ekekọrịta Pmods JD, JE, JF na JG. Ọ na-enyekwa njikọ GND, VCC3V3 na VCC5V0.

Pmod JA	Pmod JB	Pmod JC	Pmod JD	Pmod JE	Pmod JF	Pmod JG
JA1: AA18	JB1: Y16	JC1: Y10	JD1: AB13	JE1: U10	JF1: V7	JG1: V20
JA2: AA16	JB2: AB14	JC2: AB12	JD2: Y12	JE2: V9	JF2: W6	JG2: T18
JA3: Y15	JB3: Y14	JC3: AB11	JD3: T11	JE3: Y8	JF3: Y7	JG3: D17
JA4: V15	JB4: U14	JC4: AB10	JD4: W10	JE4: AA8	JF4: AA6	JG4: B18
JA7: AB18	JB7: AA14	JC7: AA12	JD7: W12	JE7: U9	JF7: W8	JG7: T17
JA8: AB16	JB8: W14	JC8: Y11	JD8: R11	JE8: w9	JF8: Y6	JG8: A17
JA9: AB15	JB9: T14	JC9: AA10	JD9: V11	JE9: Y9	JF9: AB7	JG9: C16
JA10: W15	JB10: W11	JC10: Y13	JD10: T10	JE10: AB8	JF10: AB6	JG10: A18

Isiokwu 2. Pmod pinout.

Nwebiisinka Digilent, Inc. Ikike niile echekwabara.
Ngwaahịa na aha ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ akpọtụrụ nwere ike ịbụ ụghalaahịa nke ndị nwe ha.

Akwụkwọ / akụrụngwa

DIGILENT Anvyl FPGA Board [pdf] Akwụkwọ ntuziaka onye ọrụ
XC6SLX45-CSG484-3, Anvyl FPGA Board, Anvyl FPGA, Board

Ntụaka

Akwụkwọ ntuziaka onye ọrụ